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From ... in Biology —

Essential Nutrition to Protect Yourself From Coronavirus

STORY AT-A-GLANCE As of March 5, 2020, there were 98,067 reported cases of novel coronavirus infections affecting 88 countries and territories, 80,430 of which were in China.

Essential Nutrition to Protect Yourself From Coronavirus

Worldometer.info provides an easy overview of confirmed cases and deaths that you can check for the latest statistics. Also, as of March 5, 2020, there were 11 deaths reported in the U.S., 10 in Washington state and one in California.

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As of March 5, 2020, of the 3,356 reported deaths, 3,013 were in China, predominantly in the Hubei Province in and around Wuhan City, which is ground zero for the outbreak. The virus was initially labeled 2019-nCOV before being renamed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization.

COVID-19 — An Escaped Bioweapon?

According to bioweapons expert Francis Boyle , whom I interviewed on this topic, the evidence suggests COVID-19 is a weaponized coronavirus originating from the Biosafety Level 4 facility in Wuhan City. It's the first BSL-4 facility in China, and was set up specifically to research coronavirus and SARS. He describes COVID-19 as a chimera consisting of SARS (an already weaponized coronavirus), HIV genetic material and infiuenza virus, designed with so-called "gain of function" properties that allow it to spread a greater distance than normal. It can travel 6 to 7 feet through the air, and some reports suggest the virus can shed that distance from contaminated human feces as well. Others have suggested COVID-19 may involve Prevotella, a bacterium known to cause respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, and that this may explain some of the observed symptoms and how it can spread through feces.

The Bacteriophage Hypothesis

Bacteriophages — viruses that infect and reproduce inside bacteria, like a parasite — have been implicated "in the progression and maintenance of at least some pathologies, including those associated with protein misfolding," according to one 2018 paper, which further notes:

"Here, for the first time, we propose the concept of bacteriophages as humanpathogens. We suggest that bacterial viruses have different ways to directlyand indirectly interact with eukaryotic cells and proteins, leading to humandiseases."
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In a February 2020 paper, Sandeep Chakraborty, a bioinformatics core member at UC Davis, notes that Prevotella "is present (sometimes in huge amounts) in patients from two studies in China and one in Hong Kong." He goes on to cite RNA sequencing data from Wuhan, China, published January 25, 2020, showing "millions of reads of Prevotella proteins" amid a few thousand COVID-19 viruses. Yet the researchers make no mention of the Prevotella in their paper. Prevotella bacteria was also found in six COVID-19 patients from the same family in Hong Kong.

"These are the three studies I could find,"

Chakraborty writes.

"But theclinching evidence is the presence of the same integration point of nCov andPrevotella in Study 1 and Study 2.Moreover, detection of the nCoV can be made very spec[f]ic by looking for a500bp in the spike protein, which would be a good candidate for vaccinedevelopment, protein-inhibition and diagnosis (which was non-specific forSARS in many cases, including the CDC test). And, since this is now DNA, thestandard detection tests using RT-PCR, which looks for RNA is having largefalse negatives."

While this article was subsequently retracted in spite of Chakraborty's objections, its points are crucial for analyzing what, exactly, was going on with the evolution of this virus. Indeed, even as the pandemic pushes into its third year, the concept still needs further verification and validation. From a treatment standpoint, it could indicate that antibiotic drugs might be useful as mutations evolve, and for prevention, probiotics, prebiotics and/or sporebiotics might play an important role. There's still a lot we don't know about COVID-19, and if it did escape from Wuhan City's BSL-4 facility, they're not giving out any details about it that might help health care workers figure out an effective treatment plan. While vitamin C treatment is one avenue under investigation, and wearing medical-grade face masks is the route many have taken to avoid infection, taking steps to strengthen

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your immune function is likely one of your most important prevention strategies. I review several of these strategies below.

Vitamin C Treatment for Coronavirus Under Investigation

February 4, 2020, researchers at Zhongnan Hospital in China announced they would investigate the effectiveness of vitamin C infusion for the treatment of severe COVID-19 infected pneumonia. Many of the deaths associated with this viral pneumonia appeared to be due to septic shock, and studies suggest were suggesting that high-dose vitamin C infusions could improve outcomes in cases of sepsis and respiratory infections. As noted in the Zhongnan Hospital's study description:

"Viral pneumonia is a dangerous condition with a poor clinical prognosis …Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has antioxidant properties. Whensepsis happens, the cytokine surge caused by sepsis is activated, andneutrophils in the lungs accumulate in the lungs, destroying alveolar capillaries.Early clinical studies have shown that vitamin C can effectively prevent thisprocess. In addition, vitamin C can help to eliminate alveolar fiuid by preventingthe activation and accumulation of neutrophils, and reducing alveolar epithelialwater channel damage.At the same time, vitamin C can prevent the formation of neutrophilextracellular traps, which is a biological event of vascular injury caused byneutrophil activation."

The researchers intended to treat patients with 24 grams of IV vitamin C per day for seven days at a speed of 7 milliliters per hour. The placebo group was going to receive an IV of normal saline. The planned primary outcome measure was going to be the number of days without ventilation support during 28 days of hospitalization. Secondary outcome measures

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would have included mortality, ICU length of stay, the rate of CPR required, vasopressor use, respiratory function, sepsis-related organ failure and more. However, no outcomes were reported, as the study was terminated because “the number of qualifying COVID-19 patients decreased with the control of the epidemic” before they could enroll enough patients to conduct the study.

Dr. Marik's Sepsis Treatment Protocol May Be a Good Option

Had Zhongnan Hospital been able to complete the study, chances are vitamin C would have imparted some benefit, although Dr. Paul Marik's sepsis treatment protocol might be an even better option. One initial retrospective before-after clinical study showed giving patients 200 mg of thiamine every 12 hours, 1,500 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) every six hours, and 50 mg of hydrocortisone every six hours for two days reduced sepsis mortality from 40% to 8.5%. Research, published online January 9, 2020, found Marik's intravenous sepsis protocol lowered mortality in pediatric patients as well. The study was performed at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and as noted by Science Daily, the preliminary data from this study "supports the promising outcomes seen in adults." Between January 2014 and February 2019, 557 pediatric patients with septic shock met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Forty-three received Marik's vitamin C-B1- hydrocortisone protocol, 181 received hydrocortisone-only therapy, and 333 received neither of these treatments. The 43 patients receiving the vitamin C treatment were matched based on clinical status with 43 untreated controls and 43 hydrocortisone-only patients. At the 30-day mark, controls and the hydrocortisone-only groups had a mortality rate of 28% while the treatment group had a mortality rate of just 9%. At 90 days, 35% of the controls and 33% of those receiving hydrocortisone-only had died, compared to just 14% of the treatment group.

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Essential Nutrition to Protect Yourself Against Coronavirus

As for prevention, nutrition plays a crucial role and several nutrients are known for their immune-boosting properties and ability to ward against viral infections. As reported in a February 24, 2020 press release:

"In a compelling article in Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases … MarkMcCarty of the Catalytic Longevity Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA, and JamesDiNicolantonio, PharmD, a cardiovascular research scientist at Saint Luke's MidAmerica Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, propose that certain nutraceuticalsmay help provide relief to people infected with encapsulated RNA viruses suchas infiuenza and coronavirus …COVID-19 is around 30 to 60 times more lethal than the typical annual fiu. Bothinfiuenza and coronavirus cause an infiammatory storm in the lungs and it isthis infiammatory storm that leads to acute respiratory distress, organ failure,and death.Certain nutraceuticals may help to reduce the infiammation in the lungs fromRNA viruses and others may also help boost type 1 interferon response to theseviruses, which is the body's primary way to help create antiviral antibodies tofight off viral infections."

McCarty and DiNicolantonio list several nutrients available in supplement form that may be of particular benefit against COVID-19, including the following (below). For more details about each, see the full-text paper published in Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) — Encourages glutathione production, thins mucus, lowers your chances of infiuenza infection and reduces your risk of developing severe bronchitis Elderberry extract — Known to shorten infiuenza duration by two to four days and reduce the severity of the fiu. According to the authors:

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"Given that elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins, there is reason to suspect that its impact on viruses might be mediated, at least in part, by ferulic acid, a prominent metabolite that appears in plasma following anthocyanin ingestion." Spirulina — Reduces severity of infiuenza infection and lowers infiuenza mortality in animal studies. In a human trial, spirulina significantly lowered the viral load in patients with HIV infection Beta-glucan — Reduces severity of infiuenza infection severity and lowers infiuenza mortality in animal studies Glucosamine — Upregulates mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), reduces severity of infiuenza infection severity and lowers infiuenza mortality in animal studies Selenium — "Since selenium is an essential cofactor for certain peroxidases, and selenium deficiency has been endemic in certain regions of China and other parts of the world, insuring adequacy of selenium nutrition might also be appropriate in this context," McCarty and DiNicolantonio note, adding: "Selenium deficiency also increases the rate at which viruses can mutate, promoting the evolution of strains that are more pathogenic and capable of evading immune surveillance." Zinc — Supports "effective function and proliferation of various immune cells," lowering mortality in the elderly by 27% Lipoic acid — Helps boost type 1 interferon response. As explained in a 2014 paper: "Type I interferons (IFNs) activate intracellular antimicrobial programs and infiuence the development of innate and adaptive immune responses …

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(IFNs) are polypeptides that are secreted by infected cells and have three major functions. First, they induce cell-intrinsic antimicrobial states in infected and neighboring cells that limit the spread of infectious agents, particularly viral pathogens. Second, they modulate innate immune responses in a balanced manner that promotes antigen presentation and natural killer cell functions while restraining pro-infiammatory pathways and cytokine production. Third, they activate the adaptive immune system, thus promoting the development of high-afinity antigen-specific T and B cell responses and immunological memory. Type I IFNs are protective in acute viral infections but can have either protective or deleterious roles in bacterial infections and autoimmune diseases." Sulforaphane — Helps boost type 1 interferon response A 2005 study in The Journal of Infectious Diseases also found resveratrol has the power to inhibit the replication of infiuenza A virus, significantly improving survival in infiuenza-infected mice. According to the authors, resveratrol "acts by inhibiting a cellular, rather than a viral, function," which suggests it "could be a particularly valuable anti-infiuenza drug."

Suggested Daily Dosages

The provisional daily dosage suggestions offered by McCarty and DiNicolantonio to help control RNA viruses, including infiuenza and coronavirus infection, are as follows: Nutraceutical Daily dosage Ferulic acid 500 to 1,000 milligrams (mg)

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Nutraceutical Daily dosage Lipoic acid 1,200 to 1,800 mg (in place of ferulic acid) Spirulina 15 grams NAC 1,200 to 1,800 mg Selenium 50 to 100 micrograms (mcg) Glucosamine 3,000 mg or more Zinc 30 to 50 mg Yeast beta-glucan 250 to 500 mg Elderberry extract 600 to 1,500 mg

The Importance of Vitamin D Optimization

Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and supplemental vitamin D have also been shown to reduce pandemic fatality rates, which makes sense considering how important vitamin D is for controlling infections and lowering your risk for infiuenza and the common cold. As detailed in "Vitamin D Prevents Infections," research shows high-dose vitamin D supplementation lowers the risk of respiratory illnesses and lung infections in the elderly by 40%. As noted by an author of that study, "Vitamin D can improve the immune system's ability to fight infections because it bolsters the first line of defense of the immune system." Research published in 2009 pointed suggests fatality rates during the 1918-1919 infiuenza pandemic were infiuenced by season, with greater numbers of people dying

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during the winter than the summer. According to the authors:

"Deaths during the 1918–1919 infiuenza pandemic have been linked to both theinfiuenza virus and secondary bacterial lung infections. Case fatality rates andpercentage of infiuenza cases complicated by pneumonia were available fromsurvey data for twelve United States locations in the 1918–1919 pandemic.This study analyzes case fatality rates and cases complicated by pneumoniawith respect to estimated summertime and wintertime solar ultraviolet-B (UVB)doses as indicators of population mean vitamin D status.Substantial correlations were found for associations of July UVB dose withcase fatality rates and rates of pneumonia as a complication of infiuenza.Similar results were found for wintertime UVB. Vitamin D upregulatesproduction of human cathelicidin, LL-37, which has both antimicrobial andantiendotoxin activities.Vitamin D also reduces the production of proinfiammatory cytokines, whichcould also explain some of the benefit of vitamin D since H1N1 infection givesrise to a cytokine storm."

As a general guideline, get your vitamin D level tested twice a year, in the winter and summer, to make sure you're in a healthy range of 60 ng/mL to 80 ng/mL year-round. (A compelling body of research suggests 40 ng/mL is the cutoff for suficiency.)

Take Control of Your Gut

Last but not least, should the inclusion of Prevotella bacteria in COVID-19 turn out to be accurate, prebiotics, probiotics and sporebiotics may be of significant use. A number of studies have shown Bifidobacterium bifidum strain probiotics can help reduce Prevotella, while Lactobacillus strains tend to increase it. Sporebiotics may be particularly beneficial. As explained in "How Spore Probiotics Can Help You," which features an interview with Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt, spore-based

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probiotics consist of the cell wall of bacillus spores — the protective shell around the DNA and the working mechanism of that DNA — not the whole, live bacterium. Bacillus spores have been shown to dramatically increase immune tolerance, which means they help repair damage in your intestinal barrier. Since they're not "live," they're also unaffected by antibiotics. The bacillus very effectively modulates cytokines — anti-infiammatory cytokines are upregulated while infiammatory cytokines are downregulated, thereby restoring balance between the two. Research has also shown that sporebiotics massively increase reproduction of acidophilus, bifidus and other microbes in your gut via the electromagnetic messages they send out. This is entirely unique. When you take a regular probiotic, they primarily take care of themselves. Bacillus spores, on the other hand, actually enhance many of the other beneficial microbes. Bacillus spores also create 24 different substances that have strong antimicrobial properties. However, they do not kill indiscriminately like antibiotics do. They specifically suppress pathogens that do make a valuable contribution to the whole. As COVID-19 continues to take its toll, taking measures to strengthen your immune system would be a wise strategy as a strong immune system is your No. 1 defense against all types of infections, both viral and bacterial, and the nutraceuticals discussed in this article can all aid you in that effort.

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