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From ... in Biology —

How Low Can You Go? Forgotten Benefits of Deep Squats

STORY AT-A-GLANCE Exercise is a powerful health-building tool that greatly infiuences the development of chronic disease and your ability to live independently as you age.

How Low Can You Go? Forgotten Benefits of Deep Squats

Squatting, when it's incorporated into a strength training regimen, is one of the best functional exercises. It requires no equipment, is relatively simple to perform and can be done just about anywhere.

Although they're often regarded as leg exercises, squats benefit your entire body, including your core. But what about when you incorporate squatting into your everyday routine? In many developing nations, children and adults use the squatting position to rest or to work. Paradoxically, in Western nations, people equate sitting with resting. But, while squatting takes your hips and knees through a full range of motion, sitting for long periods can cause your hip fiexors to shorten and become tight. This often leads to lower back pain and problems with posture. Staying fit and strong, especially as you age, requires consistency and dedication. Although many believe exercise is about shedding excess weight or getting toned abs and glutes, this is just a fraction of what exercise can do for you, no matter how old you are. By incorporating deep squats into your daily routine, you're taking the next step and moving your joints through a full range of motion as a matter of routine.

Why Does the Western World Avoid Squatting?

It is important to remember that squatting is not a part of a past we left behind as man evolved. A large portion of the planet's population still uses the squatting position to share a meal, use the toilet, cook or rest. For example, people in Asia normally use squat-style toilets and in rural areas around the world, people squat over pit latrines. As children around the world learn to crawl, sit, stand and walk, they move through a consistent set of motions, including learning how to stand from a squatting position without assistance. Yet, many people see squatting as uncomfortable and undignified and only necessary at the gym. Bahram Jam, a physical therapist and founder of the Advanced Physical Therapy Education Institute (APTEI) in Ontario, Canada, commented in HuffPost:

"We squat as children and in our teens, but as we in the Western world get olderwe completely stop deep squatting in our daily lives unless we intentionally do
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it as a form of exercise or in yoga. A true sign of aging is the inability to squator sit on the fioor and be able to get up independently again."

While speaking with a reporter from Quartz in 2017, Jam explained:

"It's considered primitive and of low social status to squat somewhere. Whenwe think of squatting, we think of a peasant in India, or an African villagetribesman, or an unhygienic city fioor. We think we've evolved past that — butreally, we've devolved away from it."

Fitness trainers often refer to the differences between a deep squat, also called the Asian squat or resting squat, and the Western squat. In the gym, a Western squat involves the thighs stopping either parallel to the ground or just beyond. However, the Asian squat involves squatting with your heels on the fioor and your hamstrings touching the calf muscles. Many physical limitations found in people living in the Western world are self-imposed. As cultural norms infringe on basic and anatomical movement, it's necessary to question the value of those changes.

Getting Grounded in a Deep Squat

Author and osteopath Phillip Beach is known for pioneering the idea of "archetypal postures." These are positions which he says are "deeply embedded into the way our bodies are built" and include the deep squat with feet fiat on the fioor, kneeling on knees and heels or sitting cross-legged. Beach promotes squatting and believes it is an evolutionary impulse. He says the "fioor of life" is key and Quartz reports, "He argues that the physical act of grounding ourselves has been nothing short of instrumental to our species' becoming." Grounding, also called Earthing, is the phenomenon in which there is an exchange of free electrons between the Earth's surface and your body.

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It has a potent antioxidant effect that can help reduce infiammation, improve sleep, reduce blood viscosity, speed wound healing and relieve pain. While data demonstrate the value of grounding, until you experience it for yourself, it may be dificult to believe. Although rubber or plastic-soled shoes effectively insulate your feet from the weather, they also disconnect you from the fiow of electrons between you and the Earth. Grounding is not a treatment but helps your body maintain a natural connection with the Earth in order to function properly. It could be described as a lifestyle habit that supports optimal health. Exercising barefoot outdoors is inexpensive and a powerful way to incorporate grounding into your daily life. It's easy to combine grounding outdoors in the summer months with deep squats. Simply take off your shoes and do your gardening while in a deep squat position.

Active Rest Supports Better Bowel Movements and More

Deep squats, also called active rest, offer many health benefits, not the least of which is better bowel movements. In the squat position, the anorectal angle is straightened, increasing rectal pressure and lowering anal pressure. This reduces strain and is associated with a decreased time on the toilet. While squatting over a toilet is next to impossible, a defecation posture modification device such as the Squatty Potty can help you achieve the correct angle. Jam discussed the benefits of deep squats to joint health with Quartz, saying:

"Every joint in our body has synovial fiuid in it. This is the oil in our body thatprovides nutrition to the cartilage. Two things are required to produce that fiuid:movement and compression. So if a joint doesn't go through its full range — ifthe hips and knees never go past 90 degrees — the body says 'I'm not beingused' and starts to degenerate and stops the production of synovial fiuid."

Although you may think that squats work only on your legs and glutes, they also build muscle throughout your core and tone your abs. When exercise squats are done

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properly, they help improve muscle mass by releasing testosterone and human growth hormone. Building more muscle also helps increase your metabolic activity and may help you burn more fat. Building muscle also helps regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, which in turn protects against obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Importantly, deep squats also help improve your mobility and balance. Strengthening your legs and core helps build the muscles that stabilize balance and improve the communication between your brain and muscle groups. Together, these improvements help prevent falls and promote independent living as you age. Squats also help strengthen smaller stabilizing muscles, ligaments and connective tissue. This helps prevent athletic injury and helps improve fiexibility in your hips and ankles. Improving leg and core strength is also important for healthy brain and nervous system function. A 2018 study published in Frontiers in Neuroscience demonstrated how neurological health is as dependent on signals from your large leg muscles as it is on signals from your brain to your muscles. In other words, the neurological pathway is a two-way street and neither direction is more important than the other. According to the press release, the finding "fundamentally alters brain and nervous system medicine — giving doctors new clues as to why patients with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and other neurological diseases often rapidly decline when their movement becomes limited." Performing squats, even with just body weight, can help build your leg muscles and strengthen your core. In my interview with osteopathic physician Dr. Gabrielle Lyon, we discuss what I believe may be one of the best health-optimizing strategies, which is strength training . Lyon has spent a good part of her professional career focusing on increasing strength and muscle mass. Data show that muscle mass is "inversely associated with the risk of death" and a systematic review and meta-analysis found resistance training was associated with a

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21% lower risk of all-cause mortality. Another benefit is that you do not need weight to get the benefit. Bodyweight exercises, such as squatting off and on during the day, are an effective form of resistance training. When researchers evaluated physical parameters in a small group of young women after 10 weeks of body weight exercises, they found improvements in muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, fiexibility and lower body power. Another 2021 study also found bodyweight exercises with minimal time commitment enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness in inactive adults.

Sitting Is a Separate Problem From a Lack of Exercise

Although many know about the dangers of inactivity, they might believe the alternative to a sedentary lifestyle is a 30-minute workout or a gym membership. However, as the reporter from Quartz points out, the number of hours most people sit is a separate issue from the amount of exercise they get. By incorporating squatting into a daily routine, you have an alternative means of active resting that helps build leg and core muscles and reduces the time you spend in a chair. Sitting is associated with poor health outcomes in children and adults, including promoting cardiometabolic disorders, depression, obesity and all-cause mortality in adults. In children, prolonged sitting is linked with anxiety, obesity and symptoms of depression. Sitting for long periods during the day is associated with increased musculoskeletal symptoms, such as low back pain and appears to accelerate aging at the cellular level. A 2017 study of 1,481 women from the Women's Health Initiative found those who sat the longest were, on average, biologically eight years older than the women who moved around more often. The researchers concluded, "… avoidance of a highly inactive lifestyle may provide health benefits at the cellular level." Separate research, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, further found that sitting for more than three hours a day causes 3.8% of all-cause deaths in the

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54 countries surveyed. According to Dr. James Levine, author of the book "Get Up!: Why Your Chair Is Killing You and What You Can Do About It," and the inventor of the treadmill desk:

"Excessive sitting has insidiously swept through society so that chair addictionhas become a hallmark of modernity. Sitting kills more people than smokingbecause more people sit excessively than smoke, and the health sequelae ofsitting are more numerous."

One of the consequences of sitting for long periods is tight hip fiexor muscles, which leads to problems with your posture and back pain. Additionally, sitting can weaken hip muscles, which affects your gait and can trigger pain in your knees and back.

Don't Miss the Stretch

After years of sitting, it is likely impossible to drop directly into a deep squat without first addressing tight hip, calf and ankle muscles. Yoga teacher and restorative exercise specialist Jenni Rawlings often writes about biomechanical problems that impact the ability to do yoga and other exercises. She cites tight calf muscles as the main issue with people who can't do squats, and writes about the type of stretch that gives the greatest benefit:

"Improving your squat requires that you have adequate fiexibility in bothgastrocnemius and soleus. But in order to stretch the soleus, we need todorsifiex our ankle while the knee is fiexed, not extended.This is because if we try to stretch the soleus with an extended knee, the moresuperficial muscle tissue of gastrocnemius will stretch first, preventing thestretch from layering down to the deeper soleus. In order to truly stretch andstrengthen our soleus, we must first slacken the overlying gastrocnemius byfiexing the knee."

The dificulty with deep squats also rises with poor ankle mobility, which is linked to tight calf muscles. When you sink deeper into a squat, your heels may lift, which causes

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you to lose your balance and fall. Ultimately, your success in getting into a deep squat is tied to your fiexibility and mobility. Although it may initially be challenging, with stretching and practice you'll quickly notice improvements. It's important to stretch after warming up to prevent overstretching or tearing muscles. Once you're able to start squatting, make it a part of your everyday activities. For instance, if you need to pick up something from the fioor, squat instead of bending over. Pick up your children from a squat position or watch television or read while squatting.

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