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From ... in Psychology Biology —

Fermented Foods May Lower Your Risk of Death

This article was previously published August 6, 2020, and has been updated with new information.

Fermented Foods May Lower Your Risk of Death

I've written many articles detailing lifestyle and dietary strategies that may decrease your COVID-19 risk by boosting your immune function and general health. Now we can

add fermented foods to the list, which shouldn't come as such a great surprise, considering the infiuence your gut health has on your immune system. The study, posted July 7, 2020, on the pre-print server medRxiv, conducted by researchers in Berlin, Germany, looked at whether diet might play a role in COVID-19 death rates. Interestingly, mortality rates tend to be lower in countries where consumption of traditionally fermented foods is commonplace. As reported by News Medical Life Sciences:

"The researchers say that if their hypothesis is confirmed in future studies,COVID-19 will be the first infectious disease epidemic to involve biologicalmechanisms that are associated with a loss of 'nature.' Significant changes inthe microbiome caused by modern life and less fermented food consumptionmay have increased the spread or severity of the disease, they say."

Could Fermented Veggie Consumption Lower COVID-19Mortality?

The researchers obtained data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database and compared consumption levels with COVID-19 mortality statistics (deaths per capita) for each country, obtained from the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.

For each g/day increase in the average nationalconsumption of fermented vegetables, the mortalityrisk for COVID-19 decreased by 35.4%.

The EFSA database includes statistics on countries' consumption of fermented vegetables, pickled or marinated vegetables, fermented milk, yogurt and fermented sour milk specifically.

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They also looked at potential confounders, such as gross domestic product, population density, percentage of the population over the age of 64, unemployment and obesity rates. According to the authors:

"Of all the variables considered, including confounders, only fermentedvegetables reached statistical significance with the COVID-19 death rate percountry.For each g/day increase in the average national consumption of fermentedvegetables, the mortality risk for COVID-19 decreased by 35.4%. Adjustment didnot change the point estimate and results were still significant."

Probiotics May Ease Depression

In related news, a review of seven small clinical trials has found probiotics and/or prebiotics may be helpful for those struggling with depression and anxiety. While these mental health challenges are epidemics in their own right, the global lockdowns certainly have not made the situation any better. According to the authors, all of the studies "demonstrated significant improvements in one or more of the outcomes" compared with no treatment, placebo, or baseline measurements, leading them to conclude that "utilizing pre/probiotic may be a potentially useful adjunctive treatment" for patients with depression and/or anxiety. The review builds on earlier studies that have shown people with depression tend to have higher amounts of specific gut bacteria than those who are not depressed. While it seems the gut microbiome's role in health is a very recent discovery, as early as 1898 — yes, 122 years ago — a paper in The Journal of the American Medical Association proposed that intestinal microbes might play a role in melancholia. As noted in the 2019 paper, "The Microbiome and Mental Health: Hope or Hype?":

"The primary tenet of FMT [fecal microbiota transplantation] is that dysbiosiswithin the human host gut microbiome predisposes an individual to disease.
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The exact mechanisms through which this occurs have not yet beenestablished, but several potential direct and indirect pathways exist throughwhich the gut microbiota can modulate the gut–brain axis.These pathways include endocrine (cortisol), immune (cytokines) and neural(vagus and enteric nervous system) pathways, and the assumption is thatintroducing microfiora from a healthy individual will help recolonize the systemwith a microbial pattern more in keeping with wellness either by establishingthe new healthy microbiota or by allowing the host to 'reset' their own microfiorato a pre-illness state."

Bacteria Associated With Mental Health and Depression

Two types of gut bacteria in particular, Coprococcus and Dialister bacteria, have been shown to be "consistently depleted" in individuals diagnosed with clinical depression. According to the authors of a study published in the April 2019 issue of Nature Microbiology:

"Surveying a large microbiome population cohort (Flemish Gut Flora Project, n =1,054) with validation in independent data sets, we studied how microbiomefeatures correlate with host quality of life and depression.Butyrate-producing Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus bacteria wereconsistently associated with higher quality of life indicators. Together withDialister, Coprococcus spp. were also depleted in depression, even aftercorrecting for the confounding effects of antidepressants."

The researchers went on to analyze and catalogue the neuroactive potential of these gut bacteria, finding that those associated with good mental health had the ability to synthesize the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, while those associated with depression produce γ -aminobutyric acid. Other studies have identified yet other microbial profiles associated with better or worse mental health. For example:

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• 2016 research found the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was increased, and Bacteroidetes was decreased in depressed individuals compared to healthy controls. • A 2015 study found patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder had higher amounts of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and lower amounts of Firmicutes than healthy controls. "These findings enable a better understanding of changes in the fecal microbiota composition in such patients, showing either a predominance of some potentially harmful bacterial groups or a reduction in beneficial bacterial genera," the authors wrote. • A 2014 study found depressed individuals had an overrepresentation of Bacteroidales and an underrepresentation of Lachnospiraceae bacteria. Lachnospiraceae are a family of beneficial bacteria that ferment plant polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate and acetate. The genus Oscillibacter, and one specific clade within Alistipes were also significantly associated with depression.

Zinc for Mental Health and Immune Function

Aside from fermented foods, zinc is another dietary factor that impacts both your mental health and COVID-19 risk. As noted in a 2013 article in Psychology Today:

"Zinc is an essential mineral that may be lacking in modern processed and strictvegetarian diets, as major sources are meat, poultry, and oysters … Since thebody has no special zinc storage capability, its important to consume a bit ofzinc on a regular basis.What does zinc have to do with depression? It turns out that zinc plays a part inmodulating the brain and body's response to stress all along the way …
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The highest amount of zinc in the body is found in our brains, particularly in apart of our brains called the hippocampus. Zinc deficiency can lead tosymptoms of depression, ADHD, dificulties with learning and memory, seizures,aggression, and violence …In humans, zinc has been found to be low in the serum of those suffering fromdepression. In fact, the more depressed someone is, the lower the zinc level …Zinc supplementation has been shown to have antidepressant effects inhumans …"

Zinc May Be Crucial Against COVID-19

Zinc is also important for your immune defense against the common cold and other viral infections, including COVID-19, and is a component of enzymes involved in tissue remodeling. As noted in Psychology Today:

"Low zinc also seems to affect infiammation and immunity. The T cells in ourimmune system, which hunt and kill infection, don't work well without zinc andalso release more calls for help (leading to more infiammation, via IL-6 and IL-1) in the case of zinc deficiency."

Interestingly, low zinc levels are associated with a loss of taste and smell, and these are also two early symptoms of COVID-19 infection. This suggests zinc deficiency may indeed be a key factor in the illness. Researchers have also argued that one of the key mechanisms of action of the drug hydroxychloroquine is its ability to shuttle zinc into the cells. In fact, zinc appears to be a "magic ingredient" required to prevent viral replication. This is likely why, when taken early along with zinc, the drug appears to have a high rate of success against COVID-19. As noted in the preprint paper, "Does Zinc Supplementation Enhance the Clinical Eficacy of Chloroquine / Hydroxychloroquine to Win Todays Battle Against COVID-19?" published April 8, 2020:

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"Besides direct antiviral effects, CQ/HCQ [chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine]specifically target extracellular zinc to intracellular lysosomes where itinterferes with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and coronavirusreplication.As zinc deficiency frequently occurs in elderly patients and in those withcardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or diabetes, we hypothesizethat CQ/HCQ plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducingCOVID-19 morbidity and mortality than CQ or HCQ in monotherapy."

Being a natural zinc ionophore (meaning it improves zinc uptake by your cells), the supplement quercetin also has very similar mechanisms of action and appears to be a viable alternative to hydroxychloroquine.

Simple Strategies Might Lower COVID-19 Risk

Personally, I take quercetin and zinc at bedtime as a prophylactic each day. The reason it's best to take them in the evening — several hours after your last meal and before the long fast of sleeping — is because quercetin is also a senolytic (i.e., it selectively kills senescent or old, damaged cells) that is activated by fasting. So, by taking it at night, you maximize its other benefits. If you're not already eating fermented foods, now would be a good time to consider adding some into your diet. Fermented vegetables are easy and inexpensive to make at home, and provide a whole host of health benefits, thanks to the beneficial bacteria they provide. To learn more, see "Fermenting Foods — One of the Easiest and Most Creative Aspects of Making Food from Scratch" and "Tips for Fermenting at Home." If you have symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection, then my best recommendation is to familiarize yourself with early treatment options. I would also make sure that your vitamin D levels are adequate, as discussed in my Vitamin D in the Prevention of COVID-19 report. If you don't know your vitamin D level and have not been in the sun or taken over 5,000 units of vitamin D a day, it would likely be helpful to take one bolus dose of 100,000 units, and make sure you are taking plenty of magnesium, which helps convert the vitamin D to its active immune modulating form.

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