How Do We Know Whether Treatment Has Failed? Paradoxical Outcomes in Counseling with Young People Running head: Paradoxical Outcomes in Young People
Background: In both routine practice contexts and research studies, evidence from standardized self-report symptom measures, administered pre- and post-treatment, is predominantly used to determine whether psychotherapy has been successful. Understanding the nature of unsuccessful psychotherapy requires an ability to evaluate the credibility of outcome data generated by such techniques. An