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From ... in History —

Ukraine on Fire: 2016 Documentary by Oliver Stone

STORY AT-A-GLANCE Ukraine is an ancient and proud land, a borderland where East meets West.

Ukraine on Fire: 2016 Documentary by Oliver Stone

Its blue and yellow fiag represents the sky and fields of wheat, and its rich sought-after land has been used as a pathway — during WWI and WWII — for Western powers as they attempted to conquer the East.

But, as noted in "Ukraine on Fire," a 2016 documentary produced by Oliver Stone, "every time, Ukrainian people ended up paying the highest price for these grand games of power." As a result, Ukraine, being surrounded by greater powers on all sides, had to master the art of changing sides. Beginning in the middle of the 17th century, Ukrainian leader Bogdan Khmelnitskiy broke a truce agreement with Poland and sided with more powerful Russia. Five decades later, during the Russian-Sweden War, Ukrainian leader Ivan Mazepa broke the union with Russia and joined forces with the Swedish invaders. Ukraine turned into a German protectorate in 1918, after Russia agreed to the conditions of the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. The fate of Ukraine was often written by third parties, and, the film notes, "The truth is, Ukraine has never been a united country. When WWII broke out, a large part of Western Ukraine's population welcomed the German soldiers as liberators from the recently- forced-upon-them Soviet rule and openly collaborated with the Germans."

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Committed Genocide

While the full scale of collaboration wasn't revealed for many years, whole divisions and battalions were formed by Ukrainian collaborators, and in the beginning of the war, more than 80,000 people voluntarily enrolled in the Division "Galicia," which was notorious for extreme cruelty toward Jewish, Polish and Russian people in the territory of Ukraine. Many members of these military groups came from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which was founded in 1929 and had the ultimate goal of creating an ethnically pure, independent Ukraine. Their oficial fiag was black and red — to represent land and blood. In 1940, Stepan Bandera, who was anti-Semitic and anti-communist, became the leader of the most radical section of OUN, and declared an independent Ukraine in 1941. The act led his German allies to put him in prison for most of the war, but he still spread his ideologies from behind bars. "Many independent historians estimate that the OUN

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militia exterminated from 150,000 to 200,000 Jews on Ukrainian territory occupied by the Germans by the end of 1941." OUN eventually ended up fighting equally against German and Soviet forces, but by 1943, USSR forces pushed back German troops and began liberating Ukraine. Western Ukraine, which was held by the Germans, was finally liberated in 1944, but Bandera's regime continued to carry out guerilla warfare on Ukrainian villages until the 1950s. In 1945, Germany submitted to the allies, and Ukraine remained a part of the Soviet Union, but the peace was short-lived. The U.S. and Soviet Union, who were allies to defeat the Nazis, became foes as the Cold War began, leaving the world under the constant threat of nuclear war for 45 years.

CIA Protected Ukrainian Nazi Leaders

U.S. intelligence agencies kept watch on Ukrainian nationalist organizations as a source of counterintelligence against the Soviet Union. Declassified CIA documents show close ties between U.S. intelligence and Ukrainian nationalists since 1946. After WWII, Bandera and other Ukrainian Nazi leaders fied to Europe, and the CIA helped protect them. The CIA later informed the Immigration and Naturalization Service that it had concealed Bandera and other Ukrainians from the Soviets. While the Nuremberg trials brought justice to the leaders of fascist Germany, "the Ukrainian Nazis were spared the same fate, and some were even granted indulgences by the CIA." According to the film, "By 1951, the Agency [CIA] excused the illegal activities of OUN's security branch in the name of Cold War necessity." Then, in a controversial transfer, in 1954, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev gifted Crimea to Ukraine.

Ukraine Rocked by Multiple Revolutions

In 1989, Narodniy Rukh, or People's Movement, emerged, which advocated for independence of Ukraine from USSR and became an incubator for leaders of Ukrainian

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neo-Nazism. One of them, Oleh Tyahnybok, founded the radical group Svoboda in 1991, which preached the ideals of Bandera. Additional groups followed. Also in 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union meant that it was the first time in modern history that Ukraine was truly independent. New businesses emerged as a result of the newly free economy. Oligarchs emerged seemingly overnight, creating a class system with a few rich elite and many others struggling to survive. Multiple revolutions followed, including the 2004 Orange Revolution, triggered by that year's presidential election. Support for the two candidates — Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych — split the country again, east against west. Yushchenko's wife, Kateryna Yushchenko, is a former U.S. state department oficial who worked in the White House during the Reagan administration. Yushchenko lost, but many didn't agree with it and charged fraud. Mass protests, with protestors clad in Yushchenko's orange campaign color, occurred in order to overturn the results. The election was annulled and Yushchenko won the next election — after recovering from a mysterious poisoning illness, which is said to have been carried out by the Ukrainian State Security Service.

US Meddling Encouraged Coup D'Etat

Yushchenko wasn't elected to a second term, but he granted Bandera "Hero Status" upon his exit from ofice. Yanukovych became the next president, and he removed Bandera's Hero Status, but in 2013 the government announced it would suspend plans to sign an association agreement with the European Union, favoring an offer from Russia instead. Protests again resulted, becoming known as the Maidan Revolution. Days of peaceful protests turned into violence, and U.S. meddling fanned the fiames, encouraging demonstrators to overthrow Ukraine's democratically elected government. As noted by the CATO Institute:

"A decent respect for democratic institutions and procedures meant that he[Yanukovych] ought to be able to serve out his lawful term as president, which
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would end in 2016 … Neither the domestic opposition nor Washington and itsEuropean Union allies behaved in that fashion.Instead, Western leaders made it clear that they supported the efforts ofdemonstrators to force Yanukovych to reverse course and approve the EUagreement or, if he would not do so, to remove the president before his termexpired.Sen. John McCain (R‑AZ), the ranking Republican on the Senate ArmedServices Committee, went to Kiev to show solidarity with the Euromaidanactivists. McCain dined with opposition leaders, including members of theultraright-wing Svoboda Party, and later appeared on stage in Maidan Squareduring a mass rally. He stood shoulder to shoulder with Svoboda leader OlegTyagnibok."

A leaked phone call, intercepted by Russian intelligence, between Victoria Nuland, the assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs, and U.S. ambassador to Ukraine Geoffey Pyatt also openly discussed their plan for a new Ukraine government:

"The U.S‑favored candidates included Arseniy Yatsenyuk, the man who becameprime minister once Yanukovych was ousted from power. During the telephonecall, Nuland stated enthusiastically that "Yats is the guy" who would do the bestjob.Nuland and Pyatt were engaged in such planning at a time when Yanukovychwas still Ukraine's lawful president. It was startling to have diplomaticrepresentatives of a foreign country — and a country that routinely touts theneed to respect democratic processes and the sovereignty of other nations — tobe scheming about removing an elected government and replacing it withoficials meriting U.S. approval."

US Installed New Governor in Odessa

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Days after Yanukovych was ousted from ofice and fied from Kyiv, additional controversy arose over the Crimea referendum. Oficials stated that more than 95% of voters chose to join Russia, but the U.S. painted it as a Russian invasion. Then, on May 30, 2015, former Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili — "an old friend of the U.S." — was appointed to be governor of Ukraine's southern Odessa. "A quick look at his biography gives the idea that's he's been groomed for a special mission," the film states. Saakashvili had received a U.S. State Department scholarship and worked for a New York law firm. He was involved in the Rose Revolution in Georgia, which overthrew the legitimately elected president. Soon after, Georgia announced its intentions to join NATO and plant new military bases right on Russia's border. Saakashvili was later accused of misuse of power, embezzlement and other criminal charges, but he fied to the U.S., where his friends in Washington found him another assignment as governor of Odessa. Shortly before, he gave up his citizenship to Georgia to become a Ukrainian citizen. Adding to the anti-Russian rhetoric was the 2014 Malaysian Airlines jet crash, which was shot down by a missel over Ukraine, killing 298 people. The U.S. and Ukraine blamed Russia, leading to immediate sanctions against the country. But a Russian report found a different conclusion — that the plane was shot down by a Ukraine missel. According to the film:

"One would expect that these controversial results would again stir up publicinterest in the investigation, but the tragedy of Malaysian fiight MH17 hadalready played its role in the big geopolitical game.Therefore, it was soon forgotten. The goal was achieved. After the third wave ofsanctions hit Russia, the tensions between the two countries skyrocketed, sothe question presents itself, are we truly witnessing the beginning of Cold War2.0, and if so, what are our chances to survive it this time?"

2022: Doomsday Clock at 100 Seconds to Midnight

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The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists introduced the Doomsday Clock in 1947. It represents a countdown to global nuclear annihilation. During the height of the Cold War, it came its closest to midnight — 2 minutes — then cooled, stretching to 17 minutes by 1991. In 2015, around the time the film was released, increased instability had moved the clock back to 3 minutes to midnight, due to modernizations in global nuclear weapons and "outsized nuclear weapons arsenals," with world leaders failing to "act with the speed or on the scale required to protect citizens from potential catastrophe." At the time, the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists read:

"The clock ticks now at just three minutes to midnight because internationalleaders are failing to perform their most important duty — ensuring andpreserving the health and vitality of human civilization."

In an update released January 20, 2022, however, the Bulletin reported that the world is "at doom's doorstep," with the clock moving to just 100 seconds to midnight:

"[T]he Clock remains the closest it has ever been to civilization-endingapocalypse because the world remains stuck in an extremely dangerousmoment. In 2019 we called it the new abnormal, and it has unfortunatelypersisted … Leaders around the world must immediately commit themselves torenewed cooperation in the many ways and venues available for reducingexistential risk.Citizens of the world can and should organize to demand that their leaders doso — and quickly. The doorstep of doom is no place to loiter … Without swift andfocused action, truly catastrophic events — events that could end civilization aswe know it — are more likely. When the Clock stands at 100 seconds tomidnight, we are all threatened. The moment is both perilous andunsustainable, and the time to act is now."

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